The Middle Pleistocene RTL ages of about 170 ka fill a conspicuous gap in the volcanic chronostratigraphy of Lanzarote, demonstrating that post-erosional volcanism on Lanzarote was obviously more continuous during the Middle and Late Quaternary than known before.Thus, these results demonstrate the potential of RTL and ESR dating to improve the timing of the Quaternary volcanism of the Canary Islands.► Dating Middle Pleistocene lava flows on Lanzarote with different methods (TL, ESR).In the north of the island of Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain), two palaeosols from different sites were baked by overlying lava flows.

"Optical dating" typically refers to OSL and IRSL, but not TL.

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Advantages Abundance of datable material Low cost Readily-accessible facilities Can directly compare with known ages (e.g.

tree rings) to correct for reservoir effects Reservoir effects = atmospheric and hydrologic processes that give an older date Disadvantages Materials dated by C-14 typically quite porous (easily contaminated by old/young carbon) Must be very careful with pretreatments and sample selection (“correct” pretreatments still debated) - Some labs unreliable (must pick lab with good reputation) - U substitutes for Ca - “clean” = little detritus Dating of Corals: 234U/238U, 231Pa Speleothems: 234U/238U Must correct for Th (230Th/232Th) in “dirty” carbonates Advantages - Precise ages (low error) - Ages can be used to correct for C14 reservoir effects - Technologic advances allow more materials to be dated (carbonate, lava rock, soil carbonate, water, etc.) Disadvantages Methods extremely specialized, time-intensive, expensive - “Dirty” cave speleothems cannot be dated accurately.

All methods depend on time-dependent radiation to and subsequent damage of crystal lattice.